Managed Print Services Companies

Market Opening Overview

Why Managed Print Services Market Are Expanding?

The Managed Print Services Market is experiencing robust and sustained growth, rising from USD 54.95 billion in 2026 to a projected USD 117.52 billion by 2035, registering a CAGR of 9.62% during the 2026–2035 forecast period. Market Research Future (MRFR) identifies two converging forces driving this acceleration: enterprise compliance mandates—particularly GDPR Article 30 recordkeeping obligations for printed documents across European enterprises—and the global normalization of hybrid work models that demand secure, cloud-orchestrated printing from any device and any location. Corporate IT budgets allocated to outsourced print management rose 14% year-over-year in 2024, signaling a decisive strategic pivot away from reactive break-fix device ownership toward subscription-based print cost optimization platforms that deliver measurable TCO reduction.

Cloud print services are the fastest-growing service category at a 10.01% CAGR through 2035, displacing legacy on-premise print servers with SaaS-delivered platforms that bundle predictive maintenance, zero-trust authentication and automated consumable replenishment into unified enterprise printer fleet management contracts. Managed print operations have the largest revenue share at 38.24% of 2025 service revenue, driven by end-to-end SLA-backed fleet management serving healthcare, BFSI and government verticals with complex regulatory audit-trail requirements. The largest end-use revenue contributor is healthcare with 26.28% of vertical spending in 2025, supported by rules for HIPAA PHI-handling. The fastest-growing organizational group is SMEs, with a 10.34% CAGR, as pay-per-page Print-as-a-Service subscription models minimize upfront capital constraints.

Structural regulatory and technical shifts have substantially boosted demand in 2025-2026. The removal of older printing protocols from Microsoft, such as the Line Printer Daemon (LPR/LPD), has also accelerated the shift to certified cloud-native MPS document solutions, eliminating the technical debate for retaining on-premise print servers. The EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) will start applying to large undertakings in 2025, mandating the disclosure of Scope 3 emissions, which includes print-related carbon output. This means that in European MPS procurements, page-level carbon tracking will become a contractual baseline, not a competitive differentiator.

MRFR assesses these converging compliance, technology-migration, and workforce-flexibility mandates as durable demand inflection points sustaining above-baseline compound growth in the Managed Print Services Market well through the 2030s.

Why These Companies Are Leading the Market?

MRFR identifies four structural factors separating category leaders in the Managed Print Services Market: installed-base scale and hardware-service bundling capability, technology differentiation through AI-driven predictive analytics and cloud-native delivery, geographic coverage across the high-growth Asia-Pacific and compliance-driven North American markets, and M&A strategy targeting ISV and workflow automation capabilities.

Installed-base scale and bundling capability define the market leader position. HP Inc. leverages the world’s largest installed base of commercial printers to anchor multi-year Managed Print Services contracts that bundle hardware, consumables, and fleet analytics into per-page pricing across 170 countries.

Xerox Holdings provides a good example of technology differentiation through AI-powered analytics. Its Workplace AI and CareAR field service tools provide predictive maintenance, reducing unscheduled fleet downtime by 30-45%, which materially improves the economics of SLA performance for large-enterprise clients. Konica Minolta, which has an Intelligent Information Management platform in 150 countries, has a structural advantage with its geographic coverage in the Asia-Pacific, the fastest growing region with an 11.32% CAGR.

M&A strategy drives the workflow automation capability of Kyocera Document Solutions, which has systematically acquired document capture ISV modules to extend MPS beyond fleet management into AI-powered content routing and intelligent document processing.

MRFR assesses that the defining characteristic of a category leader in this market is the ability to deliver a unified, cloud-native Managed Print Services platform—spanning fleet analytics, zero-trust print security, regulatory compliance automation, and carbon accounting—within a single SLA-backed commercial relationship. 

Top 10 Global Managed Print Services Companies — MRFR Rankings (2026)

MRFR has identified and profiled the following leading Managed Print Services companies globally, evaluated on the basis of revenue performance, market capitalization, geographic presence, product breadth, innovation strategy, and client base.

*Rankings based on MRFR analysis. Revenue figures sourced from official company filings and investor relations disclosures. CAGR reflects company-guided or analyst-estimated growth for MPS-relevant segments.*

Detailed Company Profiles

1. HP Inc.  |  NYSE: HPQ  |  Palo Alto, California, USA

Company Overview. HP Inc. is the global leader in the Managed Print Services Market by installed-base scale, delivering enterprise and SME printer fleet management through its HP Managed Print Services, Wolf Security for Print, and Instant Ink subscription platforms across 170 countries. HP’s Managed Print Services portfolio covers full-lifecycle printer fleet management—from fleet right-sizing and device deployment through predictive maintenance, consumable replenishment, and end-of-life asset recovery—under per-page SLA contracts with enterprise and SME customers.

2025–2026 Update. In 2026, HP Inc. launched the HP All-In Plan, a unified Print-as-a-Service subscription combining hardware, ink, cloud fleet analytics, and Wolf Security print protection into a single monthly per-page fee for SME and enterprise customers, removing upfront capital expenditure and simplifying MPS procurement for the fastest-growing organizational segment. 

HP’s revenues for FY2025 were USD 53.6 billion. Its Printing business led the revenues with over USD 18 billion, mainly from the development of commercial MPS contracts and growth of Instant Ink subscriptions. In 2025, HP also enhanced Microsoft Universal Print integration in its cloud fleet management console to allow for seamless hybrid workforce pull-printing without on-premise print server infrastructure.

2. Xerox Holdings  |  NASDAQ: XRX  |  Norwalk, Connecticut, USA

Company Overview. Xerox Holdings delivers enterprise Managed Print Services and intelligent document workflow automation through its CareAR field service AI platform, Workplace AI fleet analytics, and Xerox Workflow Central for large enterprise and government customers across 160 countries. Xerox’s Workplace AI applies machine learning trained on device telemetry to predict toner depletion, fuser failures, and paper-path blockages days in advance, cutting unscheduled fleet downtime by 30–45% and reducing MPS service-call volumes materially across its managed fleet of over 2 million devices. Xerox Workflow Central extends MPS from hardware fleet management into AI-driven document transformation

2025–2026 Update. In 2025, Xerox expanded Workplace AI predictive maintenance across its global managed fleet, reducing average service-call volume by 28% per device year-over-year and demonstrating measurable SLA performance improvements for large-enterprise customers in financial services and healthcare.

Xerox’s FY2025 total revenues were USD 6.1 billion, with the company’s Services segment, which includes Managed Print Services, being the company’s most profitable revenue stream and the main pillar of its IT services transformation strategy led by CEO Steve Bandrowczak. In 2025, Xerox was certified as a recognized SAP Service Cloud integration partner with CareAR accreditation, allowing CareAR-based MPS field service workflows to be synchronized with business ERP asset management systems.

3. Konica Minolta  |  TYO: 4902  |  Tokyo, Japan

Company Overview. Konica Minolta serves the Managed Print Services Market through its Intelligent Information Management platform, All Covered IT services division, and bizhub multifunction device fleet for enterprise and mid-market customers across 150 countries, with a strategic focus on converging MPS with broader IT managed services and digital workplace transformation. 

Konica Minolta’s Intelligent Information Management (IIM) platform extends beyond traditional enterprise printer fleet management to include AI-powered document capture, workflow routing and enterprise content management integration, creating value-added services revenue on top of hardware-anchored MPS contracts.

2025–2026 Update. In 2025, Konica Minolta launched the Workplace Hub Edge AI appliance, an on-premise intelligent document processing device embedding large language model inference directly into the MPS workflow layer for regulated customers with data-sovereignty requirements that restrict cloud processing under GDPR and HIPAA frameworks. 

For FY2025, Konica Minolta’s consolidated revenues were around JPY 1.12 trillion and its Digital Workplace division grew at mid-single-digit rates, supported by IIM platform expansion across Asia-Pacific and European enterprise accounts. In addition, Konica Minolta announced plans to integrate its IIM platform with Microsoft Copilot in 2025, allowing generative AI document analysis within Konica Minolta MPS workflow contracts.

4. Lexmark International  |  Private (Ninestar Corporation)  |  Lexington, Kentucky, USA

Company Overview. Lexmark International delivers enterprise Managed Print Services through its Lexmark Cloud Fleet Management platform, Print Management On-Premises solution, and vertical-specialized MPS packages for healthcare, manufacturing, financial services, and government customers across 170 countries. Lexmark’s Cloud Fleet Management provides real-time device monitoring, automated supply replenishment, and compliance reporting for distributed enterprise printer fleets spanning multiple sites and device brands, with multi-vendor orchestration capability that reduces dependency on single-OEM contracts.

2025–2026 Update. In 2025, Lexmark received FedRAMP Authorization for Lexmark Cloud Print Management, enabling U.S. federal agencies and DoD contractors to deploy cloud-native MPS services under FISMA compliance frameworks—a milestone directly opening the USD 5.48 billion government vertical to Lexmark’s cloud platform. The authorization also positions Lexmark for state and local government MPS procurements that reference FedRAMP as a security baseline requirement. Lexmark reported estimated revenues exceeding USD 1.6 billion for FY2025, with government and healthcare verticals representing the fastest-growing contract segments driven by compliance-mandate procurement cycles. MRFR assesses Lexmark’s FedRAMP authorization as a strategically important credential that materially expands its addressable government MPS market, where compliance certification is a procurement prerequisite rather than a competitive differentiator.

5. Canon Inc.  |  TYO: 7751  |  Tokyo, Japan

Company Overview. Canon Inc. participates in the Managed Print Services Market through its uniFLOW Online cloud print management platform, imageWARE Enterprise Management Console, and Print-as-a-Service contracts serving enterprise and education customers across 180 countries, with particular strength in hybrid-workforce pull-printing and multi-vendor fleet management. The uniFLOW Online SaaS platform provides location-agnostic pull-printing routing jobs to the nearest verified device, supporting BYOD authentication via mobile app, card reader, or PIN across distributed office locations without on-premise print server infrastructure. Canon’s imageWARE Enterprise Management Console enables centralized monitoring and policy enforcement across mixed-brand printer fleets, providing print cost optimization analytics for large enterprises managing thousands of devices from multiple manufacturers under a single management console.

2025–2026 Update. In 2025, Canon expanded uniFLOW Online with native Microsoft Universal Print integration, enabling hybrid-workforce employees to authenticate and release print jobs through Microsoft Entra ID without additional MPS client software or on-premise print servers—directly addressing the largest driver of cloud MPS migration triggered by Microsoft’s LPR/LPD deprecation roadmap. Canon reported total revenues of approximately JPY 4.3 trillion for FY2025, with its Office business unit delivering steady growth driven by Asia-Pacific and European contract expansion in education and healthcare verticals.

6. Kyocera Document Solutions  |  TYO: 6971  |  Osaka, Japan

Company Overview. Kyocera Document Solutions delivers Managed Print Services through its Kyocera Cloud Information Manager, PinPoint Scan workflow integration, and enterprise content management platform for mid-market and enterprise customers across 120 countries, with a strategic focus on extending MPS value into intelligent document capture and workflow automation. Kyocera’s long-life hardware economics—engineered for low total cost of ownership through drum-integrated toner technology extending consumable life—combined with cloud-hosted fleet analytics provide print cost optimization visibility for multi-site enterprise deployments. PinPoint Scan routes scanned documents directly into enterprise content management systems including SharePoint, Salesforce, and NetSuite, embedding MPS into core business process workflows and increasing contract stickiness through operational dependency.

2025–2026 Update. In 2025, Kyocera acquired intelligent capture and document workflow modules from Tungsten Automation (formerly Kofax), embedding AI-powered document recognition, data extraction, and process automation capabilities directly into Kyocera MPS contracts for financial services and healthcare customers. The acquisition accelerates Kyocera’s platform transition from hardware-anchored fleet management to intelligent document services, positioning the company to compete with ISV-led MPS workflow offerings from Konica Minolta and Ricoh in the content and workflow management segment—which MRFR forecasts at a 9.44% CAGR through 2035. Kyocera Document Solutions reported estimated revenues exceeding USD 3.5 billion for FY2025, with its IT solutions and services division growing at high-single-digit rates.

7. Toshiba Tec  |  TYO: 6588  |  Tokyo, Japan

Company Overview. Toshiba Tec serves the Managed Print Services Market through its e-BRIDGE Cloud Print platform, Toshiba MPS analytics suite, and vertical-specialized solutions for healthcare, retail, BFSI, and enterprise customers across 50 countries. The e-BRIDGE Cloud platform provides cloud-native enterprise printer fleet management with zero-trust pull-print authentication, automated supply management, and multi-brand device orchestration from a single management console. Toshiba Tec’s healthcare MPS offering integrates clinical label printing, patient wristband workflows, and PHI audit-trail capabilities with EHR systems, serving hospital networks with complex multi-site print environments that require both regulatory compliance assurance and fleet cost optimization under per-page SLA contracts.

2025–2026 Update. In 2025, Toshiba Tec launched e-BRIDGE Next Pro, a next-generation cloud MPS platform featuring zero-trust pull-print authentication with Windows Hello biometric release, automated GDPR and HIPAA compliance reporting, and AI-driven fleet utilization analytics for healthcare and BFSI MPS contracts. The platform eliminates legacy print server dependencies entirely through direct Microsoft Azure cloud routing, aligning with enterprise IT modernization programs triggered by Microsoft’s LPR/LPD deprecation roadmap. Toshiba Tec reported estimated revenues exceeding JPY 330 billion for FY2025, with its solutions business growing at mid-single-digit rates driven by healthcare MPS contract expansion in Japan, Europe, and North America. MRFR notes that Toshiba Tec’s zero-trust-first e-BRIDGE Next Pro architecture directly addresses the 67% of enterprises that experienced print-related data loss incidents in 2024, positioning the platform favorably in regulated healthcare and BFSI MPS procurements where security posture is a primary evaluation criterion.

8. Y Soft Corporation  |  Private  |  Brno, Czech Republic

Company Overview. Y Soft Corporation is the leading independent software vendor in the Managed Print Services Market, delivering SAFEQ Cloud print management, YSoft BE SMART analytics, and vendor-neutral fleet orchestration for enterprise and education customers across 120 countries through an OEM-agnostic software-only model. SAFEQ Cloud provides secure pull-printing, user authentication, and print cost optimization analytics across mixed-brand printer fleets without hardware replacement requirements, enabling organizations to implement enterprise-grade MPS controls on existing device investments. Y Soft’s vendor-neutral positioning differentiates it from OEM-centric MPS providers, resonating with multi-site enterprises managing mixed HP, Xerox, Konica Minolta, and Ricoh fleets that require unified analytics and policy enforcement without committing to a single hardware brand for multi-year contracts.

2025–2026 Update. In 2025, Y Soft launched SAFEQ Cloud 7.0 with an integrated carbon reporting dashboard tracking page-level CO₂ emissions, device energy consumption, and fleet-level Scope 3 carbon accounting within the SAFEQ Cloud MPS management console, enabling enterprise customers to meet CSRD sustainability disclosure requirements without additional third-party tooling. Y Soft reported estimated revenues exceeding EUR 80 million for FY2025, with double-digit ARR growth driven by the SAFEQ Cloud SaaS transition and CSRD-motivated competitive displacement of incumbent OEM MPS platforms in European enterprise accounts. The company also expanded its education vertical MPS offering in 2025, launching SAFEQ Edu with simplified campus-wide print quota management for higher education institutions.

9. Ricoh Company  |  TYO: 7752  |  Tokyo, Japan

Company Overview. Ricoh Company delivers Managed Print Services through its Intelligent Document Platform, Always Current Technology fleet update program, and cloud-first MPS contracts for enterprise customers across 200 countries, with a differentiated focus on integrating print infrastructure management with broader digital workplace transformation services. Ricoh’s Intelligent Document Platform enables AI-driven intelligent document processing—classification, extraction, and routing—embedded directly within MPS workflow contracts, transforming print from a standalone service into a data and process automation layer for document-intensive industries. The Always Current Technology program provides automatic firmware, security, and feature updates to deployed Ricoh MFDs throughout the contract lifecycle, eliminating device obsolescence risk that traditionally drives early contract termination in enterprise MPS agreements.

2025–2026 Update. In 2025, Ricoh expanded its Intelligent Document Platform with generative AI document summarization and multi-language translation embedded within managed workflow contracts, enabling financial services and legal enterprise customers to extract structured intelligence from scanned documents without separate AI platform investments. Ricoh reported total revenues of approximately JPY 2.2 trillion for FY2025, with its Digital Services segment—including MPS and intelligent document processing—growing at mid-single-digit rates driven by enterprise digital workplace expansion across Asia-Pacific and Europe. Ricoh also achieved ISO 14001 re-certification for its global MPS operations in 2025, providing independently verified environmental performance data that enables enterprise customers to document Scope 3 supplier emissions for CSRD compliance reporting.

10. Brother Industries  |  TYO: 6448  |  Nagoya, Japan

Company Overview. Brother Industries serves the SME and mid-market segment of the Managed Print Services Market through its Brother MPS Direct program, PaaS subscription bundles, and cloud-connected compact MFD fleet for business customers across 40 countries, with a strategic focus on providing enterprise-grade outsourced print management economics to organizations with 10–500 employees that cannot justify dedicated print fleet IT resources. Brother MPS Direct delivers per-page subscription contracts covering hardware, toner, maintenance, and fleet analytics for compact laser and inkjet printer fleets, with self-service portal management optimized for lean IT teams.

2025–2026 Update. In 2026, Brother launched Brother MPS Direct, a redesigned Print-as-a-Service subscription combining hardware, toner auto-replenishment, and cloud fleet analytics into a single per-page monthly price for SME customers in North America and Europe, directly competing with HP Instant Ink and Canon’s PaaS offerings in the 10–250 employee organizational segment. The launch targets the SME buyer cohort that MRFR forecasts at a 10.34% CAGR—the fastest-growing size segment in the Managed Print Services Market—where subscription-model adoption is accelerating fastest in the markets where Brother holds strong installed-base positions. Brother Industries reported total revenues of approximately JPY 740 billion for FY2025, with its B2B print solutions division growing at low-to-mid single-digit rates driven by SME PaaS adoption in Japan, North America, and Western Europe. MRFR identifies Brother’s SME PaaS expansion as a strategically well-timed segment focus that positions the company to capture organic market share in the highest-growth organizational tier through 2030.

M&A Activity Tracker (2022–2026)

The Managed Print Services Market has experienced targeted consolidation as OEM-centric providers pursue workflow automation ISV acquisitions, financial sponsors recognize the recurring-revenue characteristics of per-page MPS contracts, and platform vendors seek to accelerate AI document processing capability to defend against ISV-led disaggregation of traditional hardware-bundled MPS models. Market Research Future tracks the following verified transactions directly relevant to the managed print services market:

Key Trend: MRFR analysis identifies intelligent document workflow automation capability acquisition and PaaS subscription model expansion as the dominant M&A themes in the Managed Print Services Market, with acquirers consistently targeting AI document processing ISVs and workflow automation platforms that elevate MPS from hardware fleet management into high-margin managed document intelligence services with superior contract stickiness.

R&D Investment & Innovation Signals

R&D investment across the Managed Print Services Market has increased materially in 2025–2026 as vendors integrate generative AI into document workflow platforms, develop cloud-native zero-trust print security architectures, and build CSRD-compliant carbon accounting capabilities that transform MPS from a cost-reduction tool into an ESG reporting asset. Market Research Future tracks the following verified 2025–2026 R&D and technology programs from official company sources:

•        HP Inc. developed the HP All-In Plan PaaS subscription architecture in 2025–2026, integrating Wolf Security print protection, Instant Ink auto-replenishment, and cloud fleet analytics into a single per-page commercial model that eliminates hardware CapEx and simplifies MPS procurement for SME and enterprise customers, targeting the highest-growth organizational segment in the Managed Print Services Market.

•        Xerox Holdings expanded Workplace AI predictive maintenance across its 2 million-plus managed device fleet in 2025, applying machine learning to device telemetry to reduce unscheduled fleet downtime by 30–45% and cut average service-call volume by 28%, demonstrating measurable fleet-level economics of AI-driven MPS operations at enterprise scale across financial services and healthcare verticals.

•        Konica Minolta developed the Workplace Hub Edge AI appliance in 2025, embedding large language model inference at the device edge for GDPR and HIPAA-compliant intelligent document processing within MPS contracts, enabling regulated customers to access AI document automation without cloud data transmission under data-sovereignty mandates.

•        Y Soft Corporation launched the SAFEQ Cloud 7.0 carbon reporting dashboard in 2025, providing real-time page-level CO₂ tracking, device energy consumption metrics, and fleet Scope 3 carbon accounting within the SAFEQ Cloud MPS console, enabling enterprise customers to meet CSRD sustainability disclosure requirements through their existing MPS contract without additional ESG tooling investment.

•        Lexmark International achieved FedRAMP Authorization for Lexmark Cloud Print Management in 2025, completing a rigorous U.S. federal security assessment process that enables government agency and DoD contractor deployments of cloud-native MPS platforms under FISMA compliance frameworks, directly opening the USD 5.48 billion government vertical.

•        Canon Inc. developed native Microsoft Universal Print integration within uniFLOW Online in 2025, enabling hybrid enterprise customers to authenticate and release print jobs through Microsoft Entra ID without on-premise print server infrastructure, directly addressing the cloud migration wave triggered by Microsoft’s LPR/LPD protocol deprecation roadmap.

•        Toshiba Tec launched e-BRIDGE Next Pro with Windows Hello biometric pull-print release and automated HIPAA compliance reporting in 2025, eliminating print server dependencies through direct Azure cloud routing and embedding zero-trust security at the device authentication layer for healthcare and BFSI MPS deployments requiring 67%-incident-rate mitigation.

•        Ricoh Company integrated generative AI document summarization and multi-language translation into its Intelligent Document Platform within production MPS workflow contracts in 2025, enabling financial services and legal enterprise customers to extract structured document intelligence within their existing MPS service agreement without separate AI platform investments or additional per-seat licensing.

Industry Signal: MRFR identifies the convergence of generative AI document intelligence with per-page subscription economics and integrated CSRD carbon reporting as the overarching innovation direction reshaping competitive differentiation in the Managed Print Services Market.

Recent Industry Developments (2025–2026)

Market Research Future tracks the following market-level developments that have materially influenced the Managed Print Services Market competitive landscape and demand trajectory in 2025–2026:

•        Microsoft’s deprecation roadmap for legacy Line Printer Daemon (LPR/LPD) print protocols has eliminated the technical basis for on-premise print server retention, compelling enterprise IT teams across North America and Europe to migrate print infrastructure to certified cloud-native MPS platforms under accelerated timelines and creating the single largest demand catalyst for cloud print services at a 10.01% CAGR.

•        The EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) has established mandatory Scope 3 emissions disclosure obligations for large undertakings from FY2025, making page-level carbon tracking a contractual baseline requirement for MPS providers serving European enterprise customers and elevating sustainability reporting from a competitive differentiator to a procurement prerequisite in regulated verticals.

•        Quocirca’s 2024 research documented that 67% of organizations experienced at least one print-related data loss incident in 2024, catalyzing a material increase in enterprise MPS procurement criteria weighting for zero-trust print security, biometric pull-print authentication, and BIOS-level device attestation—with security-first positioning commanding 12–18% price premiums per MRFR analysis.

•        Cloud-based MPS deployment surpassed 69% of new enterprise installations in 2025, with cloud-migrating organizations reporting 30% lower total cost of ownership and 50% faster remote-employee print onboarding compared to on-premise print server architectures, per MRFR analysis of vendor-disclosed customer case data.

•        Corporate IT budgets allocated to outsourced print management increased 14% year-over-year in 2024, with 62% of new managed document services contracts signed in 2024 including embedded analytics modules—up from 41% in 2022—reflecting enterprise buyers’ shift from cost-reduction to workflow intelligence as the primary MPS value driver justifying contract renewal premiums.

•        The Digital India program, Indonesia’s Making 4.0 initiative, and Brazil’s National Digital Government Strategy have collectively generated first-time enterprise printer fleet management demand across public healthcare networks, education institutions, and government agencies, contributing to Asia-Pacific’s 11.32% CAGR—the fastest-growing region in the Managed Print Services Market through 2035.

•        The HHS Office for Civil Rights imposed approximately USD 35 million in cumulative HIPAA enforcement penalties between 2020 and 2024 for inadequate PHI print-handling controls, converting healthcare MPS procurement from a cost optimization exercise into a compliance risk mitigation investment with quantifiable penalty exposure that justifies premium outsourced print management pricing.

•        The Ponemon Institute documented a 67% increase in printer-related breach incidents between 2022 and 2024, establishing networked printers as recognized cybersecurity attack surfaces and driving enterprise security teams to mandate zero-trust print architecture requirements in Managed Print Services contract specifications alongside traditional SLA and print cost optimization metrics.